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verified the correlations between patterns of land ownership and forest cover, and suggested the critical role of landscape structure and dynamic ownership institutions that contribute to land use management. Markussen proved that the status of land ownership would affect resource availability and depletion, and mentioned the importance of a local-level institution. The interrelationship between land ownership and land use/cover has been discussed in previous research cases. This study concerned the indigenous institutions of land management, especially in land ownership and land use aspects. The meaning of spatial management can be understood by different disciplines, such as ecosystem management, natural resources management, land use management, and spatial plan, etc. It is argued that spatial regulations, landscape structure, and social organizations from indigenous knowledge were recommended to be introduced into official spatial management institutions, to validate the values of indigenous knowledge and improve the resilience of local spatial management. Local cultural spatial management with regulated and comprehensive institutions could cope with challenges immediately and dynamically, and enhance resilience more than official institutions that are simplified and controlled by the state. Differently from the official policy, the results show that the cultural-specific spatial regulations, including land ownership and land use, were strictly maintained with landscape structure and social organizations by the Yami indigenous institution. Empirical data were collected by participatory mapping and an in-depth interview with indigenous experts. The indigenous knowledge of Yami people on Orchid Island was investigated as a case study to highlight how indigenous institutions functioned in a more suitable and adaptable way for local spatial management.

This study aims to extract critical components that contribute to the dynamic maintenance of the stability and sustainability of local spatial management. From the perspective of ‘social-ecological systems’, local spatial management represented the resilience of adaptation that indigenous knowledge and environment change were interrelated.

Spatial management consists of land property and land use management, both on land and in the ocean.

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